Short S.23 Empire flying boat for FlightGear Copyright (C) 2008 - 2012 Anders Gidenstam (anders(at)gidenstam.org) Imperial Airways and BOAC 'C'-class routes ------------------------------------------ '*' route end point '-' staging post (Some refueling stops and alternatives may be missing.) 'a' alternate staging post 'o' night stop (standard, deviations certainly occured) Note: Countries and place names are a mix of now and then. Navaids mentioned are modern. The Short Bros. works at Rochester, UK http://maps.google.com/?ll=51.383513,0.493526&spn=0.00238,0.006813&t=h&z=18 Imperial Airways prewar 'C'-class routes ---------------------------------------- Southampton - Sydney -------------------- Mainly based on a map from 'The Aeroplane', 29 Sep, 1938 shown on page 47 in [1] and [2]. QANTAS operated the route east of Singapore. * Southampton/Hythe, UK http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=50.872349,-1.387512&spn=0.011334,0.016115&t=h&z=16 Navaids: SOUTHAMPTON NDB 391 EAS BEMBRIDGE NDB 426 IW a Saint-Nazaire ([2]) S:217nm@188degT http://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&ie=UTF8&ll=47.297423,-2.134309&spn=0.010318,0.023646&z=16 a Bordeaux/Biscarosse (Mentioned Feb 1940 [5]) S:390nm@179degT http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=44.383172,-1.184227&spn=0.005436,0.011823&z=17 Navaids: BISCARROSSE PARENTIS NDB 358 BRS a Bordeaux/Hourtin, France ([2]) a Macon S:370nm@136degT http://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&ie=UTF8&ll=46.290932,4.8310&spn=0.005256,0.011823&z=17 - Marseille/Marignane, France S:520nm@149degT http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=43.446937,5.185418&spn=0.022153,0.054502&t=h&z=15 Navaids: MARSIELLE/PROVENCE NDB 383 MAR - Rome/Lake Bracciano, Italy S:319nm@102degT http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=42.113768,12.187239&spn=0.005643,0.011823&z=17 Navaids: CAMPAGNANO NDB 301 CMP - Brindisi, Italy S:274nm@109degT http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=40.652277,17.959625&spn=0.013626,0.016115&z=16 Navaids: BRINDISI NDB 363 BRD a Corfu, Greece (Mentioned Feb 1940 [5]) S:110nm@125degT N:202nm@300degT http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=39.614731,19.929714&spn=0.01172,0.023646&t=h&z=16 Navaids: KERKIRA NDB 403 KEK a Athens/Megalo Pefko, Greece ([2]) o Athens/Phaleron Bay, Greece S:311nm@122degT http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=37.939527,23.66623&spn=0.003541,0.004029&z=18 http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=37.93819,23.676181&spn=0.012032,0.027251&t=h&z=16 Navaids: MEGARA NDB 405 MGR (west) KAVOURI NDB 357 KVR (south-south-east) a Heraklion, Crete (Mentioned Feb 1940 [5]) S:171nm@156degT N:344nm@316degT http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=35.344386,25.140345&spn=0.006205,0.011823&t=h&z=17 Navaids: IRAKLION NDB 431 HER a Mirabella Bay, Crete ([6]) S:192nm@149degT N:318nm@319degT http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=35.197264,25.719681&spn=0.005997,0.011823&t=h&z=17 a Suda Bay, Crete ([2]) - Alexandria/East Harbour, Egypt ([2]) S:507nm@143degT http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=31.196233,29.872788&spn=0.007681,0.008057&z=17 Navaids: ALEXANDRIA NDB 403 ADX - Tiberias, Palestine E:304nm@72degT http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=32.804203,35.545287&spn=0.007548,0.008057&z=17 - Lake Habbaniyeh, Iraq ([1], pp.43) E:404nm@85degT http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=33.34625,43.547359&spn=0.015003,0.016115&z=16 o Basra/Margil, Iraq (Opened 25/3 1938, [1], pp.43) E:277nm@128degT http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=30.5203,47.8455&spn=0.016656,0.016115&z=16 - Kuwait E:70nm@176degT http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=29.354583,47.934932&spn=0.003914,0.004029&z=18 - Bahrein E:239nm@142degT http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=26.201731,50.695789&spn=0.016115,0.016115&z=16 - Dubai, Dubai E:258nm@101degT http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=25.240,55.330&spn=0.008114,0.008057&z=17 - Jiwani, Pakistan (Not on the route map from 'The Aeroplane', but listed later for the Horseshoe route.) An EAMS alternate according to [2] pp.197. E:345nm@93degT http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=25.053374,61.73589&spn=0.01627,0.016115&z=16 o Karachi, India (Pakistan) E:287nm@93degT http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=24.780,67.138&spn=0.004075,0.004029&z=18 - Raj Samand, India ([1], pp.44) E:375nm@88degT http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=25.072394,73.887444&spn=0.004067,0.004029&t=h&z=18 a Lake Udaipur, India ([1], pp.44; Mentioned Feb 1940 [5]) E:364nm@92degT http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=24.573626,73.680807&spn=0.006674,0.011823&t=h&z=17 - Gwalior/Madho Shear/Madho Saga, India ([1], pp.44) E:232nm@73degT http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=26.213821,77.99263&spn=0.032226,0.032229&z=15 a Jhansi/Parichha Reservoir, India ([1], pp.44) http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=25.505293,78.755804&spn=0.003433,0.005912&t=h&z=18 - Allahabad, India http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=25.427375,81.86501&spn=0.00811,0.008057&z=17 o Calcutta, India http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=22.588625,88.347534&spn=0.004146,0.004029&z=18 - Akyab (Sittwe), Burma http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=20.138218,92.902762&spn=0.008431,0.008057&z=17 - Rangoon (Yangon), Burma http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=16.733619,96.209164&spn=0.034399,0.032229&z=15 o Bangkok, Thailand http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=13.657976,100.550448&spn=0.004363,0.004029&z=18 - Ko Samu (Ko Samui), Thailand http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=9.5633,100.054464&spn=0.008855,0.008057&z=17 - Penang (Pinang), Malaysia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=5.418251,100.347887&spn=0.00447,0.004029&z=18 o Kallang, Singapore http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=1.302283,103.870003&spn=0.004489,0.004029&z=18 - Batavia (Jakarta), Indonesia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-6.118777,106.835255&spn=0.004464,0.004029&z=18 o Sourabaya (Surabaya), Indonesia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-7.18759,112.733803&spn=0.017819,0.016115&z=16 - Bima, Indonesia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-8.450368,118.713026&spn=0.004441,0.004029&z=18 - Koepang (Kupang), Indonesia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-10.152625,123.587474&spn=0.00442,0.004029&z=18 o Darwin, Australia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-12.473265,130.846809&spn=0.004384,0.004029&z=18 - Groote, Australia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-13.953581,136.411035&spn=0.01743,0.016115&z=16 - Karumba, Australia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-17.472431,140.834674&spn=0.008566,0.008057&z=17 o Townsville, Australia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-19.248107,146.826745&spn=0.004239,0.004029&z=18 - Gladstone, Australia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-23.828888,151.252084&spn=0.008215,0.008057&z=17 - Brisbane, Australia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-27.427547,153.128225&spn=0.007971,0.008057&z=17 * Sydney/Rose Bay, Australia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-33.86838669468087,151.26312106847763&spn=0.003729,0.004029&z=18 Accelerated service from April 10, 1938: 9 days, night stops: Athens, Basra, Karachi, Calcutta, Bangkok, Singapore, Rambang, Darwin, Longreach Southampton - Durban -------------------- See below. Accelerated service from April 10, 1938: 4.5 days, night stops: Athens, Wadi Halfa, Kisumu, Mozambique. Bermuda - New York ------------------ * Darrel's Island, Bermuda http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=32.273495,-64.818242&spn=0.003225,0.006813&t=h&z=16 * Port Washington, New York, USA N:669nm@320degT http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=40.832081,-73.719479&spn=0.002878,0.005912&t=h&z=18 Atlantic trial crossings: 5 return crossings in 1937 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- * Hythe * Foynes W:306nm@290degT http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=52.618944,-9.129124&spn=0.009236,0.023646&t=h&z=16 * Botwood W:1761nm@263degT http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=49.133823,-55.334101&spn=0.019908,0.047293&t=h&z=15 * Montreal * New York The BOAC "Horseshoe" route (19 Jun 1940 - 12 March 1947) -------------------------------------------------------- Durban - Sydney --------------- Durban was home base for most of the 'boats. QANTAS operated the route east of Singapore. The exact route changed over time as the war progressed. The route was split 13 February 1942 by the fall of Singapore and was not reconnected until 8 October 1945. During this time the east-bound service terminated in Calcutta. * Durban/Congella Bay, South Africa ([2], pp.197) http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-29.8727,31.0325&spn=0.003729,0.004029&z=18 - Lourenco Morques, (Maputo, Mozambique) ([2], pp.197) http://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&ie=UTF8&ll=-25.968884,32.537577&spn=0.006956,0.015911&z=17 a Inhambane, Mozambique ([2], pp.197) http://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&ie=UTF8&ll=-23.868699,35.372243&spn=0.006956,0.015911&z=17 - Beira, Mozambique ([2], pp.197) http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-19.8265,34.8316&spn=0.003729,0.004029&z=18 o Mozambique, Mozambique (The radio station was at Lumbo?) http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-15.038182,40.704099&spn=0.008672,0.008057&z=17 - Lindi, Tanzania http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-10.001025,39.721466&spn=0.008844,0.008057&z=17 - Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-6.8222,39.2922&spn=0.008844,0.008057&z=17 - Mombasa, Kenya http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-4.0524,39.6799&spn=0.008844,0.008057&z=17 a Nairobi/Lake Naivasha http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-0.780567,36.400222&spn=0.007606,0.011823&z=17 - Kisumu, Kenya http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-0.0901,34.7481&spn=0.008844,0.008057&z=17 o Kampala/Port Bell, Uganda http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=0.287703,32.652279&spn=0.00898,0.008057&z=17 a Butiaba, Uganda ([1], pp.42) http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=1.829127,31.329403&spn=0.007603,0.011823&z=17 - Laropi, Uganda http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=3.54863,31.812716&spn=0.035851,0.032229&z=14 a Juba, Sudan http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=4.834845,31.617494&spn=0.008948,0.008057&z=17 a Bor, Sudan ([1], pp.42) http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=6.225406,31.539752&spn=0.003781,0.005912&z=18 - Malakal, Sudan http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=9.5281,31.6483&spn=0.008948,0.008057&z=17 a Kosti, Sudan ([1], pp.42) http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=13.185674,32.665529&spn=0.029625,0.047293&z=16 o Khartoum (Al Khurtum), Sudan http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=15.615081,32.537642&spn=0.017297,0.016115&z=16 - Wadi Halfa, Sudan http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=21.970768,31.305134&spn=0.016656,0.016115&z=16 - Luxor (Al Uqsur), Egypt http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=25.7011,32.6365&spn=0.016656,0.016115&z=16 o Cairo, Egypt http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=30.0327,31.222&spn=0.016656,0.016115&z=16 - Lake Habbaniyeh, Iraq http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=33.34625,43.547359&spn=0.015003,0.016115&z=16 - Margil, Basra, Iraq http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=30.5203,47.8455&spn=0.016656,0.016115&z=16 o Bahrein http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=26.201731,50.695789&spn=0.016115,0.016115&z=16 - Sharjah, Dubai http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=25.376378,55.388442&spn=0.008114,0.008057&z=17 - Jiwani, Pakistan http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=25.053374,61.73589&spn=0.01627,0.016115&z=16 o Karachi, India (Pakistan) http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=24.836513,67.003797&spn=0.004075,0.004029&z=18 (Copy of the prewar route below) - Raj Samand, India http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=25.062578,73.896269&spn=0.004067,0.004029&t=h&z=18 - Gwalior, India http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=26.213821,77.99263&spn=0.032226,0.032229&z=15 - Allahabad, India http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=25.427375,81.86501&spn=0.00811,0.008057&z=17 o Calcutta, India http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=22.588625,88.347534&spn=0.004146,0.004029&z=18 - Akyab (Sittwe), Burma http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=20.138218,92.902762&spn=0.008431,0.008057&z=17 - Rangoon (Yangon), Burma http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=16.733619,96.209164&spn=0.034399,0.032229&z=15 o Bangkok, Thailand http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=13.657976,100.550448&spn=0.004363,0.004029&z=18 - Ko Samu (Ko Samui), Thailand http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=9.5633,100.054464&spn=0.008855,0.008057&z=17 - Penang (Pinang), Malaysia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=5.418251,100.347887&spn=0.00447,0.004029&z=18 o Kallang, Singapore http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=1.302283,103.870003&spn=0.004489,0.004029&z=18 - Batavia (Jakarta), Indonesia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-6.118777,106.835255&spn=0.004464,0.004029&z=18 o Sourabaya (Surabaya), Indonesia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-7.18759,112.733803&spn=0.017819,0.016115&z=16 - Bima, Indonesia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-8.450368,118.713026&spn=0.004441,0.004029&z=18 - Koepang (Kupang), Indonesia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-10.152625,123.587474&spn=0.00442,0.004029&z=18 o Darwin, Australia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-12.473265,130.846809&spn=0.004384,0.004029&z=18 - Groote, Australia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-13.953581,136.411035&spn=0.01743,0.016115&z=16 - Karumba, Australia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-17.472431,140.834674&spn=0.008566,0.008057&z=17 o Townsville, Australia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-19.248107,146.826745&spn=0.004239,0.004029&z=18 - Gladstone, Australia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-23.828888,151.252084&spn=0.008215,0.008057&z=17 - Brisbane, Australia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-27.427547,153.128225&spn=0.007971,0.008057&z=17 * Sydney/Rose Bay, Australia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-33.86838669468087,151.26312106847763&spn=0.003729,0.004029&z=18 Other war-time BOAC 'C'-class routes ------------------------------------ Poole - Foynes shuttle (Jan 1940 - ?) ------------------------------------- Poole Harbour was UK base for BOAC's flying boats. Maintenance was still at Hythe, Southampton. http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=50.876157,-1.395704&spn=0.005666,0.008057&t=h&z=17 The shuttle was flown by various 'boats. * Poole, UK http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=50.698795,-1.971188&spn=0.005688,0.008057&z=17 * Foynes, Ireland http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=52.615921,-9.10037&spn=0.043618,0.064459&z=14 Poole - Lisbon shuttle (16 Jun 1940 - ?) ----------------------------------------- Long range 'boats only? Cathay, Clare, Champion and Clyde (16 Jun 1940 - autumn 1941) * Poole, UK http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=50.698795,-1.971188&spn=0.005688,0.008057&z=17 - Foynes, Ireland http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=52.615921,-9.10037&spn=0.043618,0.064459&z=14 * Lisbon, Portugal http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=38.700022,-9.149122&spn=0.007008,0.008057&z=17 Poole - Lagos shuttle (? - 15 Sep 1942 (Clare lost, route continued w. other a/c)) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The standard S.23 did not have long enough legs for this route. There might have been additional staging posts? * Poole, UK http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=50.698795,-1.971188&spn=0.005688,0.008057&z=17 - Foynes, Ireland http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=52.615921,-9.10037&spn=0.043618,0.064459&z=14 - Lisbon, Portugal http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=38.700022,-9.149122&spn=0.007008,0.008057&z=17 - Bathurst (Banjul), Gambia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=13.44037,-16.576132&spn=0.004367,0.004029&z=18 - Freetown, Sierra Leone http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=8.486634,-13.201511&spn=0.008882,0.008057&z=17 * Lagos, Nigeria http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=6.472927,3.423486&spn=0.008923,0.008057&z=17 Kisumu - Lagos (July 1941 - ?) ------------------------------ This route became an extension of the Horseshoe route, rooted at Juba, Sudan and Port Bell, Uganda. Flown by S.23 'boats. * Kisumu, Kenya http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-0.0901,34.7481&spn=0.008844,0.008057&z=17 - Port Bell (near Kampala), Uganda http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=0.287703,32.652279&spn=0.00898,0.008057&z=17 - Stanleyville (Kisangani), Congo-Kinshasa/Zaire http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=0.505118,25.188829&spn=0.00898,0.008057&z=17 - Cocquilhatville (Mbandaka), Congo-Kinshasa/Zaire http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=0.067098,18.271905&spn=0.00898,0.008057&z=17 - Leopoldville (Kinshasa), Congo-Kinshasa/Zaire http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-4.291577,15.313799&spn=0.004477,0.004029&z=17 - Pointe Noire, Congo-Brazzaville http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-4.779936,11.840944&spn=0.035795,0.032229&z=14 - Libreville, Gabon http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=0.397693,9.434885&spn=0.00898,0.008057&z=17 * Lagos, Nigeria http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=6.472927,3.423486&spn=0.008923,0.008057&z=17 Lisbon - Cairo (12 Oct 1941 - 26 Feb 1942 (replaced by Catalinas)) ------------------------------------------------------------------ Flown by long range S.30 'boats. (Cathay, Champion & Clare) * Lisbon, Portugal http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=38.700022,-9.149122&spn=0.007008,0.008057&z=17 - Gibraltar (often overflown) http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=36.142458,-5.364128&spn=0.007252,0.008057&z=17 - Kalafrana Bay, Malta (Pre-dawn arrival. Dusk departure?) http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=35.823572,14.533072&spn=0.003641,0.004029&z=17 * Cairo, Egypt http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=30.0327,31.222&spn=0.016656,0.016115&z=16 TEAL's Tasman route (? 1940 - Oct 1947) --------------------------------------- Flown by S.30 'boats Awarua & Aotearoa. 442 return crossings. * Sydney/Rose Bay, Australia http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=-33.86838669468087,151.26312106847763&spn=0.003729,0.004029&z=18 * Mechanics bay, Auckland, New Zealand http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-36.844049,174.794197&spn=0.012175,0.023646&t=h&z=16 a Evans Bay, Wellington, New Zealand http://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&ie=UTF8&ll=-41.31416,174.806492&spn=0.005713,0.011823&z=17 A brief overview of the 'C'-class Empire flying boats ----------------------------------------------------- Short S.23 Engines Pegasus Xc - 27 'standard' (Mark I) Imperial Airways: Canopus, Castor, Cassiopeia, Capella, Cygnus, Capricornus, Corsair, Courtier, Challenger, Centurion, Coriolanus, Calpurnia, Ceres, Clio, Circe, Calypso, Camilla, Corinna, Cordelia, Cameronian, Corinthian QANTAS Emperial Airways: Coogee, Corio, Coorong, Carpentaria, Coolangatta, Cooee MTOW 40500 lb Fuel 650 gallon - 2 medium range (Mark II) Cavalier & Centaurus. MTOW ? lb Fuel 1010 gallon Range 1078 nm - 2 long range (Mark III) Caledonia & Cambria. Long range tanks removed spring '38? MTOW 45000 lb Fuel 2320 gallon Range 3300 miles Short S.30 Engines Perseus - 9 built Cabot, Caribou, Connemara, Clyde, Awarua, Clare, Aotearoa, Cathay, Champion(Pegasus engines) Short S.33 Engines Pegasus Xc - 2 built Clifton, Cleopatra Losses by year and cause ------------------------ 1937: Capricornus, Courtier, Cygnus 1938: Calpurnia 1939: Cavalier, Capella, Challenger, Centurion, Connemara 1940: Caribou, Cabot 1941: Clyde, Cassiopeia, Clio 1942: Centaurus, Corinna, Corio, Corinthian, Coogee, Calypso, Ceres, Circe, Clare 1943: Camilla 1944: Coolangatta, Clifton 1945: 1946: 1947: Ground mishaps Ran aground during taxing: Capella Storm: Clyde Fire: Connemara, Ceres Enemy action: Caribou, Cabot, Centaurus, Corinna Inflight CFIT: Capricornus, Calpurnia Engine failure/fire: Clio, Clare Enemy action: Corio, Circe? Failed forced alighting Engine problem/heavy swell: Cavalier Low fuel/Poor weather/heavy swell: Camilla Alighting Glassy calm: Courtier Heavy swell (open ocean): Calypso Pilot error?: Challenger, Coolangatta, Clifton, Coogee Squall: Centurion Struck floatsam: Corinthian Take-off Bad flap setting: Cygnus Ran into swell: Cassiopeia References ---------- [1] Phillip E. Sims, "Adventurous Empires The story of the Short Empire Flying-Boats", 2000. [2] Brian Cassidy, "Flying Empires Short 'C' class Empire flying boats", 2004. References on the web [3] http://www.users.waitrose.com/~mbcass/ [4] http://www.seawings.co.uk/EmpireRefspage.htm [5] http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/16/a3335816.shtml [6] http://nzstamps.org.uk/air/external/eastern/easternroute.html